HERBS-A GLOSSARY
Herbs have a history with man nearly as old as that of fire. It’s believed that soon after man learned to cook meat, he discovered that encasing it in fresh soft greens prevented it from burning and being covered in ashes from the coals. Greens=flavoring=better taste and the rest is, well, history. The fact that most herbs have or are reputed to have medicinal value may have been realized as a result.
But what exactly is an herb? Well, by definition: 1) a seed-producing annual, biennial, or perennial that does not develop persistent woody tissue but dies down at the end of a growing season. 2) a plant or plant part valued for its medicinal, savory, or aromatic qualities.
In common terminology: Herbs are plants with fragrant or aromatic properties, used to flavor food, included in fragrances, and even a part of natural medicines. The herb is the green or leafy part of the plant. In the case of basil, the leaves can be quite large, whereas rosemary leaves are more like spines of an evergreen plant and dill has fern-like fronds.
The essential difference between herbs and spices depends on which part of the plant they originate. An herb is a leaf or other green part of the plant. All other elements of the plant are considered to be spice—including dried bark, roots, berries, seeds, twigs, or other plant matter used to season or flavor food. Some plants, like dill and cilantro provide both. Also spices are always in dried form while herbs can be used either fresh or dried.
The fact that herbs are, by definition, a fresh green, tied growing them to geographic and climatic locations and hence, their connections with specific cuisines. For centuries, drying herbs allowed them to travel globally as people migrated. However, now, rapid food transport and modern cultivation facilities makes fresh herbs globally available all year opening the door to embracing different cuisines and even creating new ‘fusion’ or combined ones.
The culinary world divides herbs into two groups Fine and Robust. Fine herbs mix well with others and become milder and/or bitter when cooked, so are often added at the end of cooking. They are excellent eaten raw or in salads-examples are basil, chervil, thyme and rosemary. Robust herbs like mint, dill, savory and sage are full bodied, rich in flavor and are often used alone. They stand up in dishes that are cooked, chilled and/or stored. Generally though, herbs are best when fine and robust are blended to give counterbalance to the flavor of the dish.
When cooking with herbs, there is a general rule of thumb to keep in mind regarding the ratio of fresh to dry: Because dried herbs are often more potent and concentrated than fresh herbs, you need less. That means the correct ratio is one tablespoon of fresh herbs to one teaspoon of dried herbs.
Herbs are easy to grow and wonderful to have fresh on hand, so if you decide to grow your own, as I do, or find a windfall in your produce department and want to preserve some, I suggest you go to :
https://www.hgtv.com/outdoors/flowers-and-plants/herbs/how-to-preserve-your-garden-herbs 3 There are air dryers and microwave methods to do this but the 3 tried and true ways to preserve herbs are by hanging, oven drying and freezing. This article covers all three clearly.
HERBS
BASIL
Widely gown, basil is traditionally used on tomatoes, both cooked and raw and is a staple of Italian cuisine. The leaves and tender green stems give a sweet and mildly pungent flavor to many foods, salads, lamb chops, cheese dishes and vegetables, especially peas and green beans.
CHERVIL
Globally grown, chervil has a mild parsley-like flavor. It’s most generally used sprinkled on top of cream soups, salads, egg dishes and fish. However, with fish, it’s best finely chopped and added just before cooking is finished.
CHIVES
Related to onions but with a more delicate taste, chives are a favorite garnish on many dishes. Mixed with melted butter and lemon juice, they’re a finish for boiled or steamed vegetables, especially potatoes. Chopped and mixed with cheese, they become a spread and are a welcome addition to many salads and most particularly dishes with cottage cheese.
CILANTRO
Cilantro is a versatile, uniquely flavored herb from the fresh leaves of the coriander plant, a member of the parsley family, which is essential in many Mexican, Middle Eastern, Indian, and Asian recipes. It is almost always used fresh because it doesn’t dry well. The leaves look much like flat-leaf parsley, growing on long, tender stems. The seeds of the plant are used as a spice called coriander, which has a completely different flavor from cilantro.
DILL
Best known as a flavoring for pickles, dill is also good sprinkled on potatoes, in Cole slaw and cheese dishes like macaroni. It makes a fine flavoring for sauces on many fish, specially halibut, mackerel and salmon. T leaves are used as an herb, while the seeds are considered a spice with a faint caraway tang.
LAVENDAR
French lavender is frequently included in the herb blend ‘herbes de provence’, giving it a subtle floral flavor. As a rule, lavender can be used similarly to fresh rosemary, in recipes like meat marinades and baked breads. Lavender flowers also make a beautiful garnish for salads, desserts, and more.
LEMON BALM
Lemon balm is a lemon-scented herb that comes from the same family as mint. The herb is native to Europe, North Africa, and West Asia, but it’s grown around the world. The leaves are great for cooking. Use lemon balm in place of lemon peel in recipes and to flavor soups, sauces, vinegars and seafood. Or add it to your favorite sugar cookie dough for a delicious lemony tea cookie.
MARJORAM
A very versatile herb, marjoram is a member of the mint family. It’s aromatic and a slightly bitter flavor is a favorite of European cuisines. It’s excellent on lamb, in cheese dishes, poultry stuffings, beef stews and/or mushroom casseroles, soups and vegetables.
MINT
Originally from Europe and Asia, mint is a staple with lamb in sauces and jelly. It also provides a bright flavor spark in Indian dishes, salads and cold vegetable mixtures. It’s sweet, strong, tangy and cool taste had earned it an unusual place for an herb, in sweets, candy, ice cream, the liqueur crème de minthe and drinks such as the Mint Julep.
OREGANO
Closely related to marjoram, oregano has a similar flavor, strong, aromatic, pleasantly bitter. It’s a staple ingredient in Italian cuisine, especially in sauces, in omelets, other egg dishes and salads. Gourmets use it with pork and Mexican cuisine pairs it with chicken.
PARSLEY
Parsley is one of the most versatile herbs used in Middle Eastern and Continental cuisines. Commonly used as a garnish, but more popularly used as a spice, there are two main varieties of parsley: curly leaf and flat leaf. Curly leaf is often used as a garnish but both varieties are widely used in cooking. Because of its light scent and fresh taste, parsley can be used in anything from soups to sauces to salads. As a garnish, parsley can be chopped and sprinkled in soups, vegetable dishes, or mixed with ground meat, such as lamb, beef and poultry.
ROSEMARY
Rosemary is the leaf of an evergreen shrub shaped like a curved pine needle. It has a fresh, sweet flavor which is better fresh than dried.I’s a favorite with roast beef, but is excellent with all meat dishes, amb, poultry, pork and fish.
SAVORY
A member of the mint family, savory has tiny leaves which, dried, have a warm, aromatic flavor and make an excellent sauce for vegetables, especially green beans. It can be used alone or mixed with other herbs to flavor meats and meat stuffings, chicken, eggs, salads and sauces.
SAGE
A popular herb in the U.S., sage is fragrant and a little bitter, it’s commonly used in poultry stuffings, especially recipes using giblets. Excellent with duck, sage is also good with pork, baked fish and in sauces.
TARRAGON
With a faintly anise-like flavor, tarragon is best known for flavoring vinegar for which both the dried leaves and the flowers can be used. It’s excellent on seafood, especially lobster and shrimp and good sprinkled on broiled chicken as it finishes. Fresh leaves are featured in several Italian entrees.
THYME
Thyme is aromatic, pungent and goes well with poultry sauces and stuffings, tomatoes and sauced beef dishes. It’s excellent with fish and shellfish soups and stews like chowders and gumbos and is good sprinkled in the cooking water for boiled lobster.
TWO VEGETABLES USED AS HERBS
FENNEL
Fennel is a member of the carrot family, though it’s not a root vegetable. The base of its long stalks weave together to form a thick, crisp bulb that grows above ground. Above the bulb, at the tip of the stalks, it has light, feathery leaves that resemble dill. When it goes to seed, fennel also produces small yellow flowers among the leaves. Every part of it is edible, from the bulb to the flowers, and it can be eaten raw or cooked. Though the stalks and leaves are edible, fennel recipes most often call for the bulb. When raw, it has a crisp texture similar to celery and a fresh licorice flavor. It caramelizes as it cooks, taking on a sweeter flavor and tender, melt-in-your mouth texture.
GARLIC
Garlic is most often used as a flavoring agent in all cuisines but can also be eaten as a vegetable. It is used to flavor many foods, such as salad dressings, vinaigrettes, marinades, sauces, vegetables, meats, soups, and stews. It is often used to make garlic butter and garlic toast.
